United States of America

1800: (with Aaron Burr) def. John Adams/Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist)

1804: (with George Clinton) def. Charles C. Pinckney/Rufus King (Federalist)

-big event is barbary wars, fights with barbary piracy

-negotiates new orleans access with spain repeatedly, but fails

-in 1802 there is big crisis after spanish intendant juan ventura morales, under secret order of king, ends us right to deposit in new orleans

-war scare begins, intense in west, but less so among federalists - unlike otl, weaker fear of french control

-resolutions for sending 50,000 troops proposed, scares spain into transferring intendant, and new one under orders of king authorizes right to deposit again

-allows jefferson and co to spin it as a silly little crisis caused by rogue intendant

-but spain takes more measures to prohibit smuggling, ultimately unsuccessful

-after france supports first bahia war of independence including slave revolt, builds up fleet to defend us and stuff

-end of french revolutionary war brings about period of immense prosperity as american markets opened

-spending cuts and stuff, sectreas gallatin drastically reduces us debt

-but doesn't do away with bank of united states

-also plans to reduce debt hampered by expensive scientific expeditions

-aaron burr as with otl goes to the west plotting to form...something

-gets more southwestern support than otl for his plan, as they support conquering new orleans

-but most southwesterners believe in doing so within the union - bring new orleans in

-in addition to acquiring british funding for a "coup" in washington and spanish for giving them southwest

-when burr tips his hand a little too much, plan starts to collapse, and so burr launches invasion of luisiana early with not enough troops

-ends up badly routed, burr ends up hated in west for this plan

-wilkinson, seeking to save his own skin, sends jefferson letter accusing him of treason

-aaron burr tried in vindictive trial for trying to overthrow spanish louisiana and make himself ruler and pull in southwest, trial fails but burr's reputation destroyed

1808: (with George Clinton) def. Charles C. Pinckney/Rufus King (Federalist)

1812: (with DeWitt Clinton) def. John Marshall/Jacob Stout (Federalist)

-allows first bank of us to lapse

-continues jeffersonian economic policy broadly but with some of the madisonian impulse influencing it

-end of public debt in 1813, allows for money to be sent to states for internal improvements and other stuff

-relatively popular john marshall made federalist nominee in 1812 to get southern votes, not enough and still beaten handedly

-dewitt clinton tries to become nominee, fails and as compromise made vp instead

-gets some federal funding for his American Infrastructure > Erie Canal project

-tensions with uk at times over impressment, but cools down with informal agreements

-wilkinson conspiracy discovered, gets destroyed

-but dissatisfaction over kentucky and tennessee's semi-detachment from republic continues to cause resentment, talk of invading new orleans

1816: (with Simon Snyder) def. DeWitt Clinton/Caleb Rodney (Republican/Federalist)

1820: (with Simon Snyder) def. DeWitt Clinton/John Sergeant (Republican/Federalist), Rufus King/John Sergeant (Federalist), Humphrey Marshall/Rufus King (Federalist)

-in caucus prevails over both clinton and crawford (reqs 2 ballots)

-economy splutters following year without a summer

-people particularly in west need loans, hundreds of banks issue paper money backed by nothing

-public land speculation makes uptick in this period

-in violation of its enabling act, illinois sends a constitution permitting slavery, the house votes it down

-a lot of people who in otl moved to missouri instead move to illinois

-causes widespread anxiety, both north and south turn to loggerheads

-illinoians threaten to secede and align with spain

-attempts to compromise voted down, results in calls for civil war

-but henry clay steers compromise combining statehood for illinois as-is with more ardent restrictions on slavery in remaining territory

-bubble pops in 1819, many banks go bankrupt causing massive economic chaos

-in its wake, congress pushes through tariff of 1820 with wide support, monroe signs this despite some voices claiming it's unconstitutional

-push for bank of us to reduce chaos caused by hundreds of banks, but fails in congress due to much opposition, dispute over precise scheme

-federalists gradually weaken, but monroe continues to follow jeffersonian policy

-war scare with uk in 1818-20, causes brief federalist revival in same year that threatens political order

-some threats of secession start to get brought up, federalists end up becoming a regional new englander party increasingly

-tries to prevent competition, unify country and stuff

-but 1824 election is massive mess, republicans refuse to agree on a single candidate, result is hung college

1824: hung electoral college: William Lowndes/Nathan Sanford (Republican), DeWitt Clinton/Richard Rush (Republican), William H. Crawford/Nathaniel Macon (Republican), Daniel D. Tompkins/Samuel Smith (Republican)

1825 (with Nathan Sanford) def. in contingent election William H. Crawford/Nathaniel Macon (Republican), DeWitt Clinton/Richard Rush (Republican)

-politician in south carolina, well-respected

-elected as war hawk to congress in 1818, immediately becomes well-respected

-made treasury secretary in 1821, competent and enhances war readiness in a way that's savvy to finances

-nominated by south carolina for 1824

-contingent election resolved with lowndes winning contingent election, but chaos results in amendment to constitution

-henry clay's support important to lowndes' victory (both being war hawks) (he's not speaker though)

-clinton, who lacks many congressional connections, makes motions about this being corrupt bargain, doesn't really work

-war with Spain over Louisiana begins over failure to renegotiate access to new orleans

-secretary of state henry clay very notable, has massive influence in congress and gets declaration of war through it

-american troops swiftly charge in across mississippi, take over saint louis, charge to take new orleans but it gets immediately lost after spanish ships come

-spanish bombard charleston, invade it, and loot it before leaving

-much american shipping seized, merchants chafe at closure of routes

-spanish raid ports across eastern seaboard, but not enough to give them charleston treatment

-but most of luisiana gets occupied by usa, as spain fails to combat american efforts there

-attempts to penetrate lower mississippi fail due to spanish naval efforts that result in deflections of american

-sees growth of neo-Madisonian wing of party as the war exposes the flaws of jeffersonian system, lowndes follows

-health rapidly deteriorates, dies but after feelers for treaty in madrid make progress

-decides to become president rather than "acting president", with urging and support from ally clinton

-sworn in with regular presidential oath

-treaty signed in washington with spanish envoy sent from mexico city

-luisiana war a victory with peace in 1827 which gets the us louisiana and the floridas

-when there's controversy in the senate, expansion spun as "compensation" for bombardment of american ports

-anxiety grows over catholicism of luisiana, fosters nativist reaction that grows in future

-clay's prominent role in treaty means he's given special responsibility by public

-with clinton discounting run over clay's popularity, wants sanford to prepare groundwork by flying clintonite flag

-tries to assert himself with mild success

-but for time being, keeps cabinet due to need to complete diplomatic proceedings and other stuff

-tariffs implemented for protection, sees wide support including from south carolina

-gets in dispute with clay who acts like real power, ends with clay resigning

-tariff of 1828 seeks to divide clay's support by forcing him to support unpopular tariff, he does and sanford signs it

-includes tariffs on wool and other raw goods at expense of burgeoning industry, motivates issuing of new tariff later on

-reestablishes bank of the United States in late 1827, jeered as neo-federalist but also has support

-banknotes must meet specie backing requirements to be properly certified

1828 (with John Sergeant) def. Langdon Cheves/Littleton W. Tazewell (Republican), Nathan Sanford/None (Clintonian Republican)

1832 (with John Sergeant) def. Hugh Lawson White/William C. Rives (State Rights), DeWitt Clinton [died before certification]Charles Polk Jr. (Clintonian Republican), John C. Calhoun/Henry Lee (Nullifier), John McLean/Samuel Morse (Anti-Catholic)

-cheves runs as respectable and anti-tariff and suspicious of bank

-sanford runs two campaigns in effect, one in ny and parts of west as expansionist, in new england as nativist and suspicious of expansion

-wins on record as secretary of state, wins some support from federalist remnants

-lots of industrial growth

-Erects turnpikes like American Infrastructure > National Road, gets to work to open up Mississippi to boat access, funds American Infrastructure > Pennsylvania Mainline Canal

-statehood for Orleans

-settlement with new British Isles regime after revolution, borders and stuff

-set at 49th parallel, maximum maine border, representative of fresh new wave of good relations

-but then relations worsen after new govt abolishes slavery

-recognizes venezuela, establishes commercial relations

-establishes new ties with european republics

-clay endorses bill allowing sale of federal lands with bulk of profits going to states, with lots of benefit to south

-does finance freed black and manumitted black move to east africa from govts that want it - virginia, kentucky, maryland, and delaware

-after maryland sees slave rebellion, movements for abolition grow in border south, results in enlargened movement for manumission and whitening

-in maryland ban of introducing new sales, and many sell slaves southwards, colonization also focuses more on sending black women to decrease pop

-focused on maryland due to it fearing rebellion the most

-but in the end not enough to bring about immediate emancipation

-proceeds of western land sales given to states, ensuring states could finance internal improvements and govt will need tariff for revenue

-wraps up tariff into tariff of 1830, despite calhoun's lobbying only somewhat reduces tariff in some areas (increasing in others)

-reduces on basic goods not prod locally like coffee, tea, spices, and wine

-increases in others prod locally like cotton, woolen goods, and iron

-but south carolina increasingly views tariffs with suspicion following abolition in uk, and clay's own sos calhoun resigns after endorsing nullification

-budding crisis, south carolina holds nullification convention, nullifies the tariff

-rest of south also anti-tariff for most part, but not to extremes of south carolina

-"State Rights and Free Trade Associations" pop up across south, though divided on whether pro-nullification or merely anti-tariff

-tennessee association nominates more moderate white, sc more extreme calhoun, to shock of many white does much better

-nullification takes up more ground that otl because clay not as popular in south

-narrowly, virginia endorses nullification of tariff, but so narrow clear that no further action may be done

-georgia approves measure declaring tariff unconstitutional, but does not go so far as to endorse nullification

-resolution defeated in north carolina decisively

-resolutions denouncing tariff but not endorsing nullification passed in miss, yazoo

-clay unable to get south on the table

-rising sentiments of anti-catholicism

-during the war, due to cut off of immigration, wages go up, attract rural people (who are wooed by industrialists) to cities

-proletarianization of independent artisans as well

-market revolution

-suddenly irish and german people come in, and serve as competition, push wages down

-potato blight comes in late 1820s instead of 1840s

-results in anti-catholic wave due to their sheer size

-increases even more following admission of orleans state, because for the first time the us has a catholic-majority state

-clay accused of being pro-catholic as a result

-many respectable politicians join

-results in rise of anti-catholic party, winning control of new york under samuel morse in 1831

-loses control following giant anti-catholic riots in 1833, including burning of catholic churches, denounced widely

-more establishmenty anti-catholic tammany wins control of new york

-nominates presidential candidate (holds natl convention, unusual for its time), loses

-dissolves, but a lot of its membership come into rising opposition

-consequently, immigrants and black people support natreps (later unionists) despite a lot of hatred between irish, germans, and black people

-election sees glut of candidates seeking to win in hung ec, but clay wins large majority, including votes in south

-finally brings calhoun to negotiation table

-afterwards congress issues compromise tariff drastically lowering it gradually in addition to force resolutions confirming powers to crush rebellion, ends crisis

-force resolution accepted by white, but south carolina nullifies it as one last parting blow

-Clay continues efforts, builds Second National Road between Washington and New Orleans among other projects

-after clinton dies, most of vote base goes to clay, results in irish vote bank

-collapse of bank of england in 1834 results in panic, but by 1836 efforts of bank of us in ensuring liquidity able to create renewed economic prosperity

-but many banks close down due to it, resulting in bus becoming very prominent

-many banks become dependent on bus and loans from it, which are used to help bail them out

-gets some money for these loans from smaller banks by selling them bonds, helping reduce money supply in west

-land that falls into bus hands, clay is able to get government control over it through negotiations, paying well above market rate for it

-when missouri statehood is proposed in may 1836, amendment to make it free state causes chaos, clay says something pro-slavery in attempt to lobby for no amendment and causes massive dispute, attempts to compromise fail, and national republicans face massive split and electoral defeat

-as president he asserts "inviolability of this species of property", spoke of contendedness and "convenience" of slaves in kentucky, favourably compares "black slaves" of south with "white slaves" of north, and askes gentlemen if they would "set their wives and daughters to brush their boots and shoes, and subject them to the menial offices of the family?", proves a very alienating thing to say and causes big party split

-he also argues that it would violate privileges and immunities clause

-note that this is all stuff he said in otl during missouri crisis

-after house passes restriction bill twice, south meets in savannah to decide on collective action - including secession

-thomas cooper talks of the south non-participating in the union, no pres elections, no appropriations, and gets an audience at savannah

-senator abel upshur brings up measure proposing dissolution of union, to horror of senate

-clay responds by proposing force bill authorizing him to force states to participate in coming elections

-his pro-southern stance in crisis means it cannot be easily dismissed by south either

-bill not brought to floor, but its proposal is alarming enough and kills talk temporarily

-enough to stop that talk, esp with one ticket dominated by southerners and another unpledged nullifier slate

-till the end clay proposes compromise, but attempts fail

-attempts to push through compromise restricting slavery north of missouri but allowing it in and south of it, gets through packed committees but fails

1836: (with Peter V. Daniel) def. Louis McLane/Francis Granger (National Republican), John Quincy Adams/John W. Taylor (Anti-Missouri), George Troup/Abel P. Upshur (Nullifier)

1840: (with Peter V. Daniel) def. William Henry Harrison/John M. Clayton (Unionist), William Leggett/Thomas Morris (Equal Rights)

-(note: pike is kentuckian)

-party formed out of fractured opposition, in no small part thanks to martin van buren's skills

-nominated first by various states rights associations, then tennessee, then various other southern states

-only afterwards does new york legislature provide endorsement

-he deliberately pushes slave-sided ticket to make it seem like ticket of south

-pike keeps lips silent, as per tradition, gives him a broad appeal, and he wins

-after kentucky brings forward date for election of representative (in otl it was pretty late), henry clay returns to congressional politics

-clay advises pike on calling early session of congress in may

-secures after 3 ballots the election of john m clayton as speaker with the assent of the lower north, upper south, and enough supporters elsewhere

-presents resolution from missouri convention banning further importation of slaves (which he convinced them to make)

-notes that slavery was already introduced by spanish, so it would be violation of norms to abolish slavery from above

-and argues it's among privileges of treaty of washington assuring continued privileges

-successfully secures missouri compromise

-missouri gets made a state in conformance with its own prev resolution, in return for slavery in arkansaw being assured, passage of new stronger fugitive slave law, and indian removal

-fsa of 1837 includes provisions allowing for jury trials in contrast to otl

-many cherokee cross border into spanish texas, considering kansas too frosty

-immediately fugitive slave cases see jury nullify ppl known to be slaves

-high-profile jury nullification commences, causing widespread disgruntlement

-over one case, commissioners try to arrange for a jury that will return guilty verdict, results in judge declaring mistrial and new trial

-results in it blowing up in the govt's faces, lets opposition unify in the name of the jury

-culminates in missouri convening new constitutional convention, legalizing importation of additional slaves

-in contrast to clay's policy of letting them die, removes indians to dakotas to keep controversy around missouri compromise line from occurring

-goes to war with remaining seminole, deports them north after winning

-tries to reform bank of United States, but fails to get it past congressional opposition, puts it aside for a while

-lets tariff decrease despite monetary issues

-when French Republic refuses to repay money for raids of goods during wars which it had previously accepted, sees tensions

-then after france forcibly stops american ships trading slaves from portuguese mozambique to portuguese brazil, tensions increase

-this having been done because after 1820s war, france forces portugal to give it right to stop ships

-american ships used to loop around it, proactive french captains seize them anyways

-despite this being illegal under american law, clay nor pike enforce it too much

-in 1839, this results in naval war, US's Wars > Second Quasi War (1839-42), with support from both parties despite some opposition

-unionists nominate william henry harrison as compromise option, for "peace with honor"

-in 1840 liberia's fear of becoming raided by french results in sheriff, council results in it deciding to join british east africa

-doesn't include maryland in africa on edge, where virginia and delaware form their own colonies which eventually agglomerate

-despite him being well-respected and holding campaign with some effectiveness, pike's popularity wins the day decisively

-war brought to end in 1842 with agreement where us agrees to enforce slave trading ban more, but also restricts french ability to seize ships

-results in blooming slave trade from american south to portuguese brazil, technically not against treaty

-recession occurs due to cotton glut (helped by improved canal transportation), bad relations of govt with bank of united states worsen things

-investments in internal improvements depress price of cotton, resulting in a cascade effect

-bank overstretched due to existing loans used to fight against collapse of bank of england, can't do much more

-pike allows public lands to be purchased with ordinary non-certified bank money, fuels credit bubble which pops

-bank takes a great deal of land in the west from people who used it as collateral for loans

-resulting in resentment across the west

-auctions it off, common people left out in favor of corporations and the wealthy

-bank also takes control over slaves, used as collateral in south

-fights to constitute new board and overthrow existing one, but effort fails and pike gets backlash for challenging their efforts against downturn

-attempt at measure to sell govt stock in bank fails, as unionist congress declares it would result in him selling stock to his cronies

-causes a backlash against him despite reputation as great hero of discovery and war, on campaign trail unionists often deemphasize his personality

-low tariff results in crisis, also makes pike utterly unable to finance infrastructure projects

-leaves office in dust, but remains a very well respected man

1844: (with James L. Petigru) def. Martin Van Buren/John Tyler (People's)

1848: (with James L. Petigru) def. John C. Calhoun/David Henshaw (People's)

-name proposed in unionist convention, gets nominated, wins

-liberty party makes small breakout, surpassing 2% in popular vote

-fights against clay for a while over party leadership, clay eventually accepts smaller role as legislator

-makes nicholas biddle sos, in opposition to clay's preferred pick

-also in oppn to clay's preferred pick, makes friend james wilson sectreas

-restores clay’s economic policies to full extent

-establishes new tariff which causes disgruntlement in south because viewed as settled issue

-but rising (slave-powered) industry funded by bank investment, unionist presence means more southerners are pro-tariff, also more northerners anti-tariff

-due to european warfare, trans-caribbean slave trade cut off, and slaves traded to brazil instead sold to home markets

-value of slaves collapses massively, and as south has a lot of "wealth" calculated in terms of slaves, results in "economic" crisis

-in upper south, many slaves sold southwards, in context where slaves are viewed as investment slaveholders want to get "full value"

-with economy of virginia dependent on slave breeding, ravages it, results in investment in (slave-powered) industry

-similarly across rest of south there is more use of slaves in urban area due to there being very many

-in kentucky, maryland, and delaware, where bringing in further slaves is banned, this instead causes panic and slaves being sold downstream

-out of fear of attempt to allow further slaves in, as well as lowering value of slave affecting things in general

-calhoun crushes neo-nullificationist talk in south carolina over tariff because wants to make presidential run

-with rising market for Canadian goods, Webster also gets reciprocity treaty with canada bc new england, other areas now tapping into canadian markets

-attempts to buy San Francisco, rebuffed by Spain

-south starts sabre rattling about Texas Cuba, webster says no and his party has to work to maintain southern support

-there is big northern push for acquiring columbia despite weak us claim

-Webster sees that he can't really make a claim

-after much negotiation, does get britain to agree to giving usa a perpetual lease over olympia triangle by substantial payment for it

-hopes to bring columbia under american influence as friendly state through immigration

-guarantees the us the right to make roads to olympia, with webster aiming at transcontinental railroad one day

-lays out trail to oregon as far as possible, in effort to settle it as friendly state america, results in large settlement of mostly young men

-despite many viewing this negatively as a waste of money/betrayal, american commerce immediately is boosted by this pacific port

-also, there is filibuster attempt in cuba with massive southern support, including american soldiers, in name of stopping race war, but it fails

-webster prosecutes hard those responsible, controversial in south where some support filibusters but others view spain as fellow slaver and ally

-thus in south many decide to support unionists in name of slavery international

-aligns unionists with the latter southern types more tightly, helps to ensure victory, even as worrying trends hit

-British Wars > New Granadine War of Independence (1848-52) breaks out, results in anxiety across south over it destroying slavery

-despite general support for new granadine independence

-webster anxious to avoid a british takeover of california

-british take monterey quickly, soon after war

-webster sends american ships to monterey to threaten intervention to drive them out

-after much negotiation, they leave in 1849

-ultimately, webster offers to mediate negotiations, accomplished in 1852 just before his death

-calhoun partially reverts to nationalism, builds up south west coalition in name of internal improvements and low tariff

-due in part to grand success of charleston-cincinnati railroad

-also mentions texas a lot, to bring up spectre of british controlled texas breathing down us's neck

-threatens to drive out british from monterey if necessary

-wins nomination, ticks off northeast, only barely able to conciliate burenites

-plan emerge filibuster to texas with many army members assoc with it, pending his election and suspension of neutrality act

-webster includes preemption act in platform, decisive and important despite break with traditional unionist view of land distribution

-and successfully ties this to the tariff

-election proves closer than expected, but webster wins important midwestern districts

-with calhoun southerner, webster's seeming acquiescence to slave power, liberty party surpasses 5% mark

-due to the US sending slaves to Portuguese Brazil following Bahia revolt, much of South's economy dependent on it

-and following France declaring war on Portugal and entirely cutting off slave trade during French Wars > Third French War (1847-1854), this causes a sudden crash of slave prices

-due to slaves being most valuable asset in South, causes giant crash

-due to slaves being collateral used by Bank of the United States, results in Bank quickly getting massive amounts of slaves as "assets", becoming the largest slaveholder in the US

-in general, this low price for slaves results in slaves becoming much more widespread across social classes in South

-including mass use of slaves in industry

-and also many states try to stem this by having Kentucky-style import prohibitions

-and a panic of slaves sold south

-in general, also wreaks havoc on Northern ties with slave economy as institutions which heavily invested in south, and with it the slave as commodity, wrecked badly and avoid it in the future

-which also means that slave-powered industry, and the whole slave system, is now counterpoised to compete with the north

-as part of renewal of Bank, Webster successfully achieves southern votes by promising to unofficially send slaves to Africa

-to increase price of slaves

-a lot of slaves sent there

-and crisis eventually brought under control

-without suspension of neutrality act, smaller filibuster attempt to texas occurs, fails

-preemption act gets passed with difficulty despite southern unhappiness, also immigration liberalized to prevent outflow of labour

-and land-grant colleges established

-in wake of calhoun's defeat, south carolina legislature calls for organization of southern convention against tariff with calhoun support

-initial talk of forming nullification convention right away fails due to rising merchant, trader, industrial class (risen due to railroad, rising industry) which views south carolina as tied to its neighbors

-indeed, part of this class is, while not okay with rise of tariff, acquaintanced to it

-delegates sent by legislatures of missouri, mississippi, virginia, georgia, and south carolina to charleston in 1850 to organize united support

-in contrast to missouri crisis, is not united action and in all states except south carolina is done over sizeable minority

-massively controversial and webster threatens force, even getting force bill through

-issues nullification proclamation, not only condemning nullification but also secession as unconstitutional

-results in some disgruntlement by south, including pro-tariff unionists who agree with logic of secession because they think might be needed if north gets too powerful

-but ultimately only disgruntlement, and crisis is for the most part brought under control

-midway georgia and virginia depart after unionists take control of legislatures and pull delegates

-after passing some resolutions moderated by non-sc presence, charleston convention dissolves

-smaller more radical convention meets dominated by sc, threatens secession, but dissolves afterwards because lone action not possible

-though south carolina disgruntled, cowed by first nullification crisis and fact that most of south not with it

-in wake of second nullification crisis and southern disarray, Juniper (iowa) organized as territory with bill passing through congress with tight margins

-despite longstanding worry over illinois being almost surrounded by free soil

-some border southern senators reluctantly choose to abstain or vote for it, and some note it wouldn't mean total encirclement

-webster victorious, without compromise of clay

-Juniper formed as free territory in 1849, having already had a degree of settlement

-missouri congress, threatened by free territory, votes that its border reaches des moines,

-soon afterwards, missourian tax collectors come in

-federal government, intent on observing the law, declares few slaves coming in should leave or be free

-homestead act intensifies controversy, as settlers claim land both ways

-skirmishes between settlers breaks out near border

-this even includes bloodshed between Missouri militia and Juniper territorial settlers

-webster sends small military detachment, intent on enforcing the law in the territory and bringing in controversy to an end

-south being divided means it cannot support Missouri strong enough

-but Illinoians support it, bring slaves into Juniper to provoke constitutionality crisis, and though terr authorities free their slaves it provokes long court cases

-but in the end, missouri backs down and accepts a commission to demarcate boundary, votes Juniper side

-slaves brought in freed, but they find hostility in Juniper

-controversy comes to an end (not in the least because missouri divided on issue), but rising extremism in south

-talk of overturning missouri compromise, or even of federal slave code in the territories

-webster's national unity tour in south met with widespread applause, papering over this new issue

-revealed that directors of bank of us artificially inflated stock values for personal enrichment

-some claim he knew of this before renewing its charter, point to friend Samuel Appleton being president of bank

-webster initially denies this report, then when confirmed popular outrage forces him to push new appointments and replace them

-bank of us generally suffers as a result of less competent appointments, results in bank being overstretched

-crashes his popularity

-bank of us generally weakened by this, affects unionist policies

-webster revealed to be cartoonishly corrupt, including accepting massive "loans" and selling appointments to highest bidder

-accepts ludicrous gifts, sells appointments in cabinet

-unionists lose various elections in late 1851-2, due to a certain lack of confidence (but not all the way because v. personal)

-south sees some anger emerge over Juniper

-Great Shoemaker Strike of 1851 emerges, over introduction of sewing machine in 1840s

-thanks to rising industry, communication more generally

-earlier since rise of pneumatic, hydraulic tech results in these technologies getting combined earlier to use pnuematic, hydralic tech to make it better

-across Eastern Seaboard, spreading from Lynn Massachusetts across to Washington

-much of it even comes to President's Mansion

-Webster well known to be anti-strike, brings ire

-but in the end, strike comes to an end due to local opposition, police, despite some small opposition

-webster dies on july 4, 1852 of liver cirrhosis due to drinking and eating a lot

-by bizarre coincidence, dies on same day as clay on independence day

-follows sanford precedent of being president rather than acting president

-but doesn't have time to do much before election

-nevertheless presides over "Webster's Last Achievement" - ratification of the Treaty of Washington ending British Wars > New Granadine War of Independence (1848-52)

-even convention occurred after webster died, so can't even become whig nominee

1852: (with Thomas Jefferson Rusk) def. John J. Crittenden/Rufus Choate (Unionist), John P. Hale/Leicester King (Equal Rights)

1856: (with Thomas Jefferson Rusk) def. Edward Everett/Kenneth Rayner (Unionist), Abel P. Upshur/Robert Barnewell Smith (Whig)

-served as naval officer, for a while, involved in war scares with uk

-operated against slave trade in west africa, conquers cape montserrado for acs

-launched naval escapades during US's Wars > Luisiana War (1825-8) despite outstripped navy

-afterwards deeply involved in acs once more, naval protection etc.

-during US's Wars > Second Quasi War (1839-42) becomes commodore, involved in american raids in caribbean which makes him household name

-retires from navy afterwards, pike appoints him secretary of navy

-afterwards becomes new jersey senator, makes himself known for naval reform and charisma

-sweepingly defeats supreme court justice crittenden

-reforms bank in accordance to populist principles

-gung-ho, American ships open up around the world

-aggressively attempted to promote international revolution

-backs internal improvements deeply, helps create railway bubble that stockton himself puts stocks in

-due to webster's scandals, to prevent selling of civil service jobs proposals of civil service reforms

-but populists now reluctant due to them being in power

-instead some unionists support reform to restrict populist patronage

-not enough to get bill passed because unionist control of senate enough to block them

-but after midterms, populists get majority in senate and keep house

-results in unionists, with some populist support, passing radical civil service reform bill in lame duck session

-making all non-constitutional appointments subject to examination system

-immediately afterwards, populist congress amends act to release some top-level jobs from this extreme restriction

-more suspicious of bank of us, believes it bad investment for the american people

-that its president is reverdy johnson, a unionist, doesn't help

-when bank of us replaces administrators with others to resolve overstretching, they push period of retrenchment that causes economic chaos

-stockton turns firmly against administration bank of us, derides it constantly and plans to weaken it

-in congress proposes selling its stock as move to weaken it

-california gold rush means many of the old rationales for it obsolesced

-sells govt stock in public-private partnerships in great numbers, because he views it as abhorrent

-which further fuels massive speculation bubble

-rising power of railroad companies as they even found new cities in the West

-with many practically becoming real estate companies

-molding all forms of law in their image

-Ohio increasingly becomes an urbanized state (like the East), Indiana starting to follow it

-rising industrial chaos, strikes over railroads (largely localized), especially with end of railroad bubble

-fights election primarily over bank of us issue, stance of opposition very popular

-union put in backseat by this, forced to defend unpopular bank and thread the line between reform and conservation

-spain is issue that remains sublimated because it's largely southern, but stockton cannot ignore it

-Everett being a seeming new Webster means he is able to get many southern votes

-ultimately wins sweeping landslide, takes it as mandate to reform the bank

-issues grand bill selling govt stock in bank to american investors, banning further foreign investment, reduction of capital by one half (retiring some foreign shares), and allowing freer note conversion (notes from one bank converted at another)

-with more populist congress, stockton gets bill through despite fears of it weakening bank heavily (it does)

-but with amendment eliminating reduction of capital

-but nevertheless largely popular as bank seems like less useful institution due to flow of money from govt

-stock (govt, bought up foreign shares) primarily sold to stockton's allies, results in bank being placed in hands of populists

-great damage to it, however, results in bank speculating in new schemes to regain lost money

-in contrast to its previous role in popping bubbles early, regulating finances etc.

-delaware issues manumission law in 1857, causes fear in the south and stockton is able to stop fear by admitting arkansaw without tied free state

-in 1857, act organizing nebraska as free territory passes congress

-gets vote from north, some border south, enough to pass barely

-causes some misgivings

-related act passes, funds railway to olympia by oregon trail to platte river (omaha), to independence -> st louis

-this route helps satisfy missourians

-opening of nebraska causes some controversy as missouri fears being surrounded by free soil territories

-results in stockton allowing filibuster attempt into cuba to go off

-ends up resulting in mass flood of missourian settlers, who seek to prevent northernization of west

-as well as cheap German construction workers along the northern part of the platte river

-reports of violence emerge, as well as sabotage of railroad by southerners fearful of north swallowing up south

-but not as much sabotage as one would fear, because of many missourians being happy about railroad from st. louis

-nevertheless many missourians want to avoid northern settlement of west, and so launch violent intimidation

-along border, many missourians enter, and through their numbers control election of delegate

-petitions for division of nebraska

-begins process of shifting indigenous peoples further east to open up kansas river lands

-filibuster movements increase in magnitude, particularly in south with desire to expand slave power

-spanish cuba seizes american ship, causing outrage across the us

-filibuster takes place into cuba with lots of american troop support, ends up taking up much land but in the end bullets and (esp) yellow fever do them in

-stockton declines to prosecute them for it, but careers ended and he declines to pursue issue further

-but also in north, due to california, support emerges there in its wake

-major rebellion in california emerges among anglophones with ample support from american consul for the rebels

-results in diplomatic crisis

-spain decides to go to the table and pays a great deal of compensation

-after California rebellion crushed, american honour deemed satisfied

-gold rush initially boosts economy greatly, allows stockton to weaken bank of us on basis that hard currency much more viable

-promotes industrial development despite misgivings from his own party, and expands on internal improvements

-sends fleet to Buenos Aires to keep spain from defeating third platinean war of independence

-but economic crisis occurs related to overspeculation in railway investments in 1858, people quickly point to stockton's railway company investments doing well

-railways recoup profits by raising rates, causes chaos and movement for regulation of railroad rates

-and an emergence of strikes across railroads, as well as large amounts of unionization

-in particular, rise of Ancient Noble Order of United Workingmen

-all of this suppressed hard

-stockton attempts to regain popularity by moral grandstanding over spanish territories, causes south to stick with him

-causing defeat in 1860 elections for populists despite weakness of union party at same time

1860: (with Henry Gardner) def. Henry A. Wise/Daniel S. Dickinson (People's), Joshua Giddings/Henry Wilson (Young America)

-elected after economic crash, but by surprisingly narrow margins

-free democracy (rebranded and expanded Equal Rights Party) spikes over both parties being slaveholding, unionists being soft on filibuster issue (to attract southern votes)

-enforces neutrality act, filibustering stops

-further internal improvements and stuff, but stockton's fusionist policies weaken unionist party cohesion greatly

-firmly and staunchly denounces movemement to expand terrutiry in the name of slavery

-when bill making superior a state - a free state - comes up, results in acrimony but menefee lays it off until west florida comes up and gets both through

-despite much of south voting no, and despite anxiety over senate

-controversy pops up as organized missourians with muskets march across the border to nebraska, use the homestead act to occupy best land

-some of them even bring slaves

-north of platte river, dominated by northerners (many irish) due to railroad being constructed there

-menefee is intent on enforcing the law on the subject, results in suit being brought up with slave, slaveowner intentionally sets it in missouri

-missouri court rules slave free, resulting in widespread scorn in missouri

-appealed to supreme court, which rules him a slave

-case is taken to supreme court, which narrows judgement to missouri law and rules it is binding, therefore he continues to be slave

-to cool the controversy, menefee secures organic act dividing nebraska into platte and kansas, with division of platte river, to keep two separate

-met with intense scorn by many northern unionists but menefee has barely enough, and badly divides party

-enough northern support because many say it'll empower the northern interests, and also it'll reduce southern horror at military

-many northern unionists end up much more antislavery as a result, many openly condemning menefee

-elections end up badly in kansas due to widespread electoral fraud, slaver majority, and kansas passes slave code citing missouri compromise "unconstitutionality"

-towards end of his presidency

-and case on the subject ends up going to supreme court

-after viceroyalty of new Spain’s provincias internas (Texas, New Mexico, California, New Navarre, new vizcaya, Coahuila, new Leon, and new Santander) declares independence as Buenaventura, Menefee declares support

-but Buenaventura also abolishes slavery including in texan plantations, causing staunch southern opposition to what is viewed as attack on slavery, southerners in both parties support spain, Menefee is chucked out by unionists for next nomination

-overrepresentation of south in unionist conv esp. relative to congressional representation means southerner gets in with help of some north

-though he doesn't run in next election and endorses next unionist nom, anti-slavery unionists join up with abolitionists to create anti-slavery ticket

-results in party defeated, lots of vote splitting occurs

1864: hung electoral college: George Washington Woodward/Andrew Johnson (People's), Thomas Wilson Dorr/Salmon P. Chase ("Justice"/"Free Soil"/"Northern Unionist"/"Young America"), James C. Jones/Robert C. Winthrop ("Southern Unionist"/"Moderate")

1865: (with Andrew Johnson) def. in contingent election Thomas Wilson Dorr/Salmon P. Chase ("Justice"/"Free Soil"/"Northern Unionist"/"Liberationist")

-served as chief justice before being elected

-kept his mouth shut during buenaventura controversy, and moderated slave case ruling in keeping with populist policy

-hung electoral college with woodward plurality

-in congress, woodward wins election on basis of southern unionists voting for him

-with divided north and united south, wins by lopsided margins

-politics very obscure and he's assumed to be moderate, but turns out to be ultra-doughface on verge of being calhounite

-declares neutrality in Buenaventuro war of independence, but many American volunteers still join up with comunero rebels but south helps give arms to spanish, results in shooting war involving americans over slavery

-enforces neutrality act over americans supporting buenaveturo rebels

-Buenaventura issue becomes explosive in the halls of Congress, south accuses it of being part of anti slavery conspiracy

-but ultimately through much effort recognition of Buenaventura is revoked by Congress, but now it gets accused of being part of slave power

-prosecutes american volunteers for violating neutrality act, juries often nullify it but causes much furor, especially since slaver volunteers not tried

-attempts to maintain slavery in texas by proposing purchase from spain, to revulsion and horror from north, while spain emphatically refuses this

-leaked from diplomatic department

-case on kansas slave code goes to the supreme court

-strikes down missouri compromise entirely, to allow slavery across the territories as a right of American citizens

-with bill of rights incorporated under due process, this also applies to states, making slavery essentially legal everywhere (rather, transit and sojourn)

-woodward recognizes this as valid, enforces this despite massive amounts of controversy to this

-northerners moving in (slower since railway through st. louis) end up fighting with missourians over this issue, resulting in bloodshed

-and slaveowners move northwards into Middle West and even beyond, with massive unpopularity despite state laws against it

-and despite juries fighting against it

-federal courts, dominated by southerners and doughfaces, enforce this

-Underground Railroad moves northwards to Canada

-in kansas elections, his men continually recognize electoral fraud by southerners as legit

-bank issue comes to him, takes up number of things for renewal

-requires appointing more directors with strong Populist leanings

-also reducing ratio of paper notes to gold, in sop to the South to prevent speculation in the North it views as damaging

-this sparks economic panic in 1867

-Order of United Workingmen responds, and strikes in 1867 against railroad companies turn massive

-after longstanding grievances, in part in response to competition with slave-powered labor of south

-spread across the North, and into Missouri and Washington

-militias formed are of only partial loyalty

-even including infighting between militias from diff cities, firing on one another

-massive disorder culminates in Woodward calling in regulars to suppress riots, strikebreakers called in

-only some of the troops end up disloyal, and for the most part strike broken

-but this also results in troops posted across the nation, militias armed, in time for the election

-and states having posted their troops everywhere

-following maryland issuing manumission law in 1867, there is major chaos over it, and "balance" at risk

-dough faces become heavily hated, lose in midterms, northern unionists and some northern populists increasingly ally with abolitionist lobby against slave power

-establishes east florida, cimarron as states despite questions over fradulent referenda including many non-resident voters

-uses statehood of superior as bribe to get them in

-is able to pull southern unionists to support this bill, destroying any attempts at cooperation with justicialists in the process

-congress blocks woodward's agenda, woodward vetoes all of congress's attempted legislation

-after Buenaventura wins independence, woodward refuses to recognize it, instead condemning it as a rebel regime, to anger of north

-loses renomination by own party, also southern populists refuse to nominate him because he looks too controversial to win

-after midterms Congress unable to elect speaker, by the time it does it's next election time

-then in 1868 it happens

-election sees margin which would be justicialist victory if dubiously entered cimarron, east florida not states, hung college else

-woodward is massive doughface, states that cimarron and east florida held legitimate elections

-with cimarron and east florida having dubiously entered, house being narrowly justicialist and senate narrowly populist (with many Middle West states unable to decide on senator(s)), results in dispute over constitution

-massive dispute over northwest, super-close margins b/w menefee, davis, and pendleton

-illinois, missouri disqualify non pendleton electors, governors appoint electors in place and send them

-also duly-elected indiana pendleton electors refuse to join certification meeting, instead join with losing slate and certify themselves "under constitution"

-over dispute over returning boards and votes

-so that with cimarron and east florida, pendleton would be president

-dispute over whether house's congressional power to settle unresolved elections or senate's power to count electoral votes operative here

-senate issues resolution declaring pendleton duly-elected, house issues likewise declaration on duly election of davis

-southerner-dominated cabinet plots to make it go their way

-increasingly, controversy over which house members legitimate, with division of state governments into two who ratify diff candidates

-before february 13, 1869 session, southern militias capture congress (minimally defended) and allow only the senate and a house (with controversial seats with Populists meeting) to meet

-has bare majority of senators meet (certain populists refusing) and attempts to rope in andrew johnson failed, led by pres pro tem as a result

-woodward recognizes this fully, but he tries to get pennsylvania to accept this, fails

-with johnson having warned the justicialists, davis and certain congressional leaders issue declaration telling congress to meet in philadelphia

-in philadelphia rest of congress meets in joint session, achieves quorum (save Senate), certifies davis as legitimate winner

-united states divided into two governments, the Constitutionalist Government, and the Richmondite Government

-also impeaches and removes woodward from office despite it being only a month till next inauguration, making fiercely constitutionalist vp pres in place for 2 weeks

-ascent to office only recognized by philadelphia congress, but nonetheless provides for military preparation

-revokes territorial governors, everywhere except east florida is successful

-kansas has revolution over this, as slaver controlled territorial assembly overthrown by comunero rebels

-when Indianan governor castigates johnson and calls woodward rightful pres, johnson gets Indiana congress to say no

-brings kansas on path to union

-baltimore falls, but maryland stays loyal

1868: (with Robert Rantoul Jr.) def. George H. Pendleton/James L. Orr (People's), Richard Menefee/Thomas Ewing (Straight-Out Unionist)

Note: After a rump body of the Senate unconstitutionally recognized the decertification of Unionist and Justicialist electors and improperly accepted electors from the territories of East Florida and Cimarron, it claimed that Pendleton won the 1868 election, beginning theUS's Wars > American Civil War (1869-76)

1872: (with Samuel Tilden) def. Washington Hunt/Mark M. Pomeroy (Compromise)

-marylander, avowed supporter and follower of henry clay and his ideals

-hates abolitionists for most of his life, regards them as rabid despite belief in eventual emancipation

-supports recognition of buenaventura in major break with southern unionist stance, trumpets their fight against spanish despotism as like america's own

-does not support jones in 1864 election

-refuses to be like other southern unionists who join populists, instead he joins up with oppositionist candidates

-gets elected senator by oppositionist govt in maryland

-opposes bill making kansas slaveowning, makes him friend of northern oppositionists further

-opposes court case allowing slaveowners transit across states

-opposes blatant fraud in cimarron and east florida statehood referenda

-when justicialist national convention occurs, attends in attempt to moderate it

-unexpectedly wins nomination after deadlock, as youngish moderate candidate selected to keep from shaking the boat too much

-more moderate than party, but that does not reassure south one bit and letters fly about violently keeping justicialists out of power

-he wins election by sweeping north, but loses native maryland

-goes on criss-crossing national tour, gives extremely conciliatory speeches that alienate fellow justicialists, tries to make this up by pro-unity speeches but pisses people off

-but nevertheless receives groundswell of support from paramilitary organization, "Comunero Clubs" formed by volunteer veterans of buenaventura war

-pro-southern militias storm capitol, assemble congress that fails to meet constitutional quota but still rejects davis' victory

-davis denounces this, but with dc in hands of southern militias he calls for convening of congress in philadelphia

-election confirmed by congress session in philadelphia, however slavers have majority of senators

-swiftly assembled armies, navy, and declared the southern congress in dc illegitimate but much damage already done

-harpers ferry arsenal seized by richmondites

-arms given to baltimore richmondites, kicks off rebellion that takes over city before being crushed

-numerous countries declare the government of usa to be unclear, but britain and france not among them

-nevertheless deflected attempts in border states like his own maryland, also illinois, to join southern government

-a few months into presidency a charge took dc and brought it back under legitimate rule, southern congress forced into richmond, though they take documents, seals with them in flight

-congress formally meets in dc once more in its hallowed halls

-south has more industrial capacity due to better development of new orleans, birmingham, also because kentucky is in southern hands

-though dc never threatened again during war, richmondite charge into pennsylvania at times before major american victory

-blockade established partially (due to spanish recognition of richmondites) though attempt to take new orleans stopped in its tracks

-ohio river boundary holds despite attempt to crack it

-richmondites launch raids on columbus, indianapolis, humiliating but ultimately do not have much impact

-illinois, where slavery is weakest, nevertheless goes richmondite with constitutionalist activities though with dissident pockets, general issues emancipation decree of disloyal in 1869 which davis revokes

-st louis sees pitched street battles between railroad workers and slavers, ends up with missouri, illinois state regiments crushing it

-ultimately illinois entirely falls into constitutional arms in 1871

-kansas-missouri border filled with fighting as missouri attempts to invade, kansas fights back in tumultuous war

-appalachian kentucky, virginia fall to constitutional control

-state conventions form separate states of New Virginia and Franklin

-war radicalizes davis straight from borderland unionist to radical believer in racial equality

-third confiscation act providing for the emancipation of all slaves in territories in rebellion gets issued by congress through patronage means, turns civil war further into crusade against slavery and also includes securities for freedmen escapees

-arming of freedmen, incorporation into army despite widespread controversy but effective

-aversion to the emancipation act causes defeated populist candidate in state elections in ohio, indiana to form shadow governments which revolt, get crushed

-by 1871, richmondites pushed to ohio river

-redistribution of land from disloyal landholders to freedmen as army creeps

-midterms prove to be large losses to compromise party led by washington hunt

-advocates dual resignation of both presidents and unification of nation in its wake

-war proves long and difficult, due to south having more industrial capacity

-in 1872, constitutionalists win big victory and cross ohio river to reach lexington and take st. louis, on backs of that davis wins re-election in 1872 in landslide

-over small body of compromisers calling for a dual resignation of both governments to a compromise body

-congressional act ensures states have to be readmitted into union upon 50% of people swearing ironclad oath, including shadow govts set up

-tide turns, memphis taken in 1873, army strikes at

-gets through fourteenth amendment banning slavery

-armies meet into new south, in 1875 take over of new orleans, and finally eastern trench warfare comes to an end and takeover of richmond

-richmondites flee to lille [birmingham] but their confidence destroyed and richmondite lines break apart

-richmond government flees further, reaches mobile and then, when this attempting regrouping fails it flees to havana, becoming congress over the water

-finally in 1876 war brought to conclusion, many richmondite politicians flee to cuba, mexico, spain, portugal, maranhao

-originals of constitution, declaration of independence left behind, but some seals taken with them and one only returned to usa recently

-davis lays groundwork for radical reconstruction before his terms come to an end including land reform to freedmen, leaves office a massive hero

-goes on to serve as senator with lots of soft power until overworking himself to death in idk 1882

1876 (with James Speed) def. Andrew Johnson/Samuel J. Randall (Restoration)

-fought for radical reconstruction of south

-amends constitution to avoid constitutional coups, also establish equality

-after southern constitutional conventions prove shit, causes radicalism further and enforcement acts against terror attacks

-establishment of education systems in south

-ratifying amendment made price of readmission

-expands settlement west, enforces homestead act across 100th meridian (is wet period so it's a success - for now)

-in anti-corporate gesture, refuses to sell off nationalized railroads and enforces maximum railroad rates

-terror attacks increase, crushed hard

-Saskatchewan Metis rebellion in Canada (Heads of Laurentia > ^baf9ec) supported by Sioux who cross border in its support, crushed after a lot of difficulty, causes scandal

-Canadian regiments cross border, inspiring crisis and Canadian govt paying indemnity thanks to swift diplomacy

-also cavalry surge in region

-during and following US's Wars > Antillian War (1880-4), need to use army against outside results in numerous army regiments being transferred to Civil Guard

-sees migration of Metis into North-West Indian Territory

-assassinated by white supremacist terrorist while at centennial expo in philly (World Expo > 1879 Centennial Festival (Philadelphia))

-terrorist worked as part of cell calling itself "Secret Service of the True Government of the United States", claims loyalty to the congress over the water

1880 (with John F. Hartranft) def. Samuel Tilden/Darius N. Couch (Loyal People's), Samuel Fenton Cary/William Daniel (Prohibition)

-arose to power on back of assassination, waves bloody shirt of his predecessor when pushing reforms

-war frenzy to liberate cuba to expel richmondite exiles in wake of assassination

-spanish tentative attempts to remove congress over the water not enough

-us recognizes cuban rebels as legitimate government

-speed gathers ironclads in gulf ports, and despite supply issues (worsened by destroyed railroads) gathers soldiers in new orleans, mobile, appalachicola, pensacola thru waterways

-arms funneled to spanish haiti, sent to independentist rebels

-after failed attempts to negotiate, spanish capture of us merchant vessel and speed impressed by military readiness results in war in mid 1880

-spanish attacks on ports halted by competent fleet

-american vessels land on cuba, troops battle and defeat spanish forces in alliance with cuban revolutionaries

-similarly force invades puerto rico in alliance with rebels there

-by 1883, spain driven to the peace table, in effort to keep mexico in their hands concedes independence of cuba, puerto rico

-sells off some railroad shares, establishing public-private partnerships

-to increase profits (decreased due to rate caps), railroads involved in massive land speculation

-expands settlement of west further, engages in wars with native americans with goal in forcing them into reservations in minasota

-establishes National University of the United States of America incorporating smithsonian into it, funds new constituent colleges in various cities

-but scotus strikes it down as unconstitutional, govt ignores it and continues building anyways, writes constitutional amendment making it legal

-government-led effort for railroad construction to the west, with rapid land speculation emerging

-wins re-election despite party split of "moderate" faction that joins up with certain populists, forms unionist party

-further corruption scandals occur but fights against them hard, issues civil service reforms

-states get readmitted into the union with unprecedented black involvement in them

-also many northerners who move southward with southerners having vacated their plantations into exile

-bahia links get established, due in part to german unification war weakening bahia's european links

-endorsement of money untethered to specie (civil war, without california and with having to create govt w/o wash, leads to gold standard dying) leads goldbugs to break from party in disgust

-major slowdown in immigration caused by german unification war, causes recruitment of black workers to make up for immigration

-causes backlash in the north against black people, surge of unionists and populists

-attempts to run for president in 1884, but too many enemies made due to his prosecution of justicialist corruption resulting in him defeated

-white supremacist violence continues to intensify, 1884 election unprecedentedly violent affair but republicans win convincingly

1884 (with George S. Boutwell) def. George Dewey/Edward P. Allis, /John Quincy Adams II (Dewey Republican)

1888 (with George S. Boutwell) def. Jacob D. Cox/Alexander McClure (Revenue Tariff), John St. John/idk (Prohibition)

-despite illinois being slave state, logan is not some big slaveholder, is part of less intensely slaveowning class

-serves for most of his life as a supporter of the slave power, but as with otl

-white supremacist violence results in movement to strengthen election laws

-issues force act making it federal responsibility to enforce free and fair elections

-results in army being divided into two, with one with civilian responsibility like a gendarmerie - "Civil Guard"

-however, force act gets struck down by supreme court

-results in amendment authorizing the federal government to ensure security of elections

-violence settles down as biracial system gets established

-drought emerges west of 100th meridian, many homesteaders give up land, railroads lose profits, resulting in panic of 1891

-worsened by existing problems of specie leaving the us

-results in "closing of the west" in the eyes of many as lands east of meridian gets largely settled and it seems the us is to be an urban country

-establishes links with newly independent mexico, philippines, much closer links established with mexico

-at the same time strikes grow in scale, along with union activity

-won re-election by large margin, white supremacist terrorism in stark decline

-launches intervention in new granadine civil war to secure panama for canal route in contrast to spanish-british project in nicaragua

-passes antitrust act, in practice it does fuck all

-dies of rheumatism

-sponsors formation of missouri valley authority to manage water usage and - maybe - make the desert bloom

-bankrupt independent railroads bailed by federal govt (which buys stocks), and finally the establishment of the National Railroad Company, consolidating federal holdings in railroads into a singular company

1892 (with Charles W. Foster) def. Charles F. Adams Jr./John M. Palmer (Revenue Tariff), xxxxx/xxxxx (Prohibition)

1896 (with Charles W. Foster) def. Walter Q. Gresham/Theodore Roosevelt (Reform)

-leads charge in intervention in Grao-Para after atrocities unveiled, troops take over

-ends up with it mostly taken over and internationalized, us gets to appoint councillors to its council of administration

-congress over the water (already effectively turning into a social club) collapses, arrests of members

-people who flee to portuguese pernambuco get turned over

-at home, marks decisive end of reconstruction insurgency as groups lose morale, collapse

-with drought in far west not ending, rising movement for opening north-west indian territory for settlement

-ames being a new englander, is reluctant to do it, results in rising movement for opening it in west which makes itself known in form of oppositionism

-also rising movement for its statehood emerges

1900 (with Alonzo G. Draper) def. Moorfield Storey/xxxxx (Reform), xxxxx/xxxxx (Single Tax)

1904 (with Alonzo G. Draper) def. Seth Low/xxxxx (Reform), xxxxx/xxxxx (Single Tax)

-had a different life to otl, stays in illinois

-military experience in civil war, antillean war, before getting drafted as governor, serves with reformist agenda

-as president, opens up north-west indian territory to settlement, soon afterwards white-native coalition pushes for statehood which he accepts

1908 (with xxxxx) def. William E. Russell/xxxxx (Free Trade)

1912 (with xxxxx) def. Henry Cabot Lodge/xxxxx (Free Trade)

1. 1789-1797: Former Commander-in-Chief George Washington (I-VA)

2. 1797-1801: Vice President John Adams (F-MA)

3. 1801-1809: Vice President Thomas Jefferson (R-VA)

4. 1809-1817: Secretary of State James Madison (R-VA)

5. 1817-1825: Secretary of State James Monroe (R-VA)

6. 1825-1827: Secretary of the Treasury William Lowndes (R-SC) †

7. 1827-1829: Vice President Nathan Sanford (IR-NY)

8. 1829-1837: Former Secretary of State Henry Clay (NR-KY)

9. 1837-1845: Major General Zebulon Pike (P-KY)

10. 1845-1852: Senator Daniel Webster (U-MA) †

11. 1852-1853: Vice President James L. Petigru (U-SC)

12. 1853-1861: Senator Robert F. Stockton (P-NJ)

13. 1861-1865: Senator Richard Menefee (U-KY)

14. 1865-1869: Chief Justice George W. Woodward (P-PA) [impeached]

15. 1869-1869: Vice President Andrew Johnson (P-TN)

16. 1869-1877: Senator Henry Winter Davis (J-MD)

17. 1877-1879: Senator John Wentworth (J-MI) ‡

18. 1879-1885: Vice President James Speed (J-KY)

19. 1885-1891: Major General John A. Logan (J-IL) †

20. 1891-1893: Vice President George S. Boutwell (J-MA)

21. 1893-1901: Governor Adelbert Ames (J-WF)

22. 1901-1909: Senator Jesse K. Dubois (J-IL)

23. 1909-1917: General of the Armies Arthur MacArthur (J-WI)

24. 1917-1925: Senator Paul Drennan Cravath (FT-NY)

25. 1925-1929: Secretary of State Roeliff Brinkerhoff Jr. (FT-OH)

26. 1929-1937: Governor Gifford Pinchot (J-PA)

27. 1937-1945: Senator Leonidas C. Dyer (J-MO)

28. 1945-1953: Governor Robert G. Menzies (FT-TA)

† Died of natural causes

‡ Assassinated

1787-1795: John Jay

1795-1795: John Rutledge

1796-1800: Oliver Ellsworth

1800-1835: John Marshall

1835-1843: Joseph Story

1843-1853: Levi Woodbury

1853-1865: George Washington Woodward (*)

1865-1869: William Littleton Harris (**)

1869-1871: Benjamin Robbins Curtis (***)

1871-1885: Charles Sumner

1885-1891: Samuel Freeman Miller

1891-1918: William Thomson

1918-1929: John W. Griggs

1929-1943: Carl F. Mueller

(*) Resigned upon being elected President of the United States

(**) Impeached and removed from office by the Philadelphia Congress upon recognizing as constitutional the victory of Pendleton in the 1868 election, served as "Chief Justice of the Supreme Court" for the Richmondite government for the duration of the Civil War

(***) Resigned upon failing to get a majority of the Supreme Court onboard to declare the Emancipation Act unconstitutional

-William Thomson is alternate elder (by 5 yrs) brother of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FrankThomson(railroadexecutive)

-formed by republicans aligned with Henry Clay and his American System

-includes clintonians connected with irish catholic political machines

-pro-bank of us, tarriffs, internal improvements

-also pro-military development to prevent military bombardment as

-included madisonian republicans, some federalists, and those converted to cause

-later ate up anti-catholic party after henry clay's attempts to court catholic vote beaten

-split for an election over missouri crisis, but crisis got diffused and reunification occurred

-becomes opposed to "extreme" territorial expansion that might cause a sectional crisis, also seeks to bring system further

-elitist character becomes increasingly apparent, blamed for economic panic

-young america movement takes parts of its agenda, along with populistic criticisms of it, meshes it with their own stuff, ethos shapes stockton era

-menefee's ascent in 1860 sees its unity threatened over slavery and expansion questions, eventually over buenaventura recognition north and south break up

-in various states unionist party forms coalitions with pro-buenaventura populists, also with liberty party

-woodward continues to worsen issue, results in coalitions getting bigger, known as justice party

-by 1866 party is dead except for some minor stragglers who keep label alive

-despite many who wish to revive unionist party, growing scale of crisis, ties to abolitionist elements, and woodward's shittiness makes it impossible

-till civil war results in sweeping radicalism

-formed by republicans opposed to Henry Clay and his American System

-tammany hall gets shaped, successfully beats national republicans party at getting catholic votes

-martin van buren is big mover in its formation, backs zebulon pike as useful war hero to get party in power

-he proves less than effective, populists serve in opposition for long time afterwards

-van buren keeps party united despite much attempts at backstabbing and the like

-finally in 1852 gets stockton elected president, but to grief of much party he's "young america", takes some ideas from unionist party

-shapes anti-elite ethos of era deeply in form of populist streak

-but then stockton stumbles, unionist gets elected

-buenaventuro war of independence causes major fissures, but party rallies behind chief justice woodward

-fissures get worse and worse, by 1866 much of populists have bolted and joined oppositionist coalitions

-woodward gets tossed by own party in favour of southerner

-after justicialists win, much of populists see red, storming of capitol etc.

-some populists remain within constitutionalist government, some rally behind it, other try to restore "union as it was"

-peace populists surge, but 1872 sees total and utter defeat in every state due to justicialist alliance with war populists

-party lingers on after war behind white supremacy, tries and fails to form coalition with defecting liberal justicialists

-but eventually collapses and just withers away with success of reconstruction

1836: Representative John Quincy Adams/Representative John W. Taylor (Anti-Missouri) - 47 EVs, 19.7%

-forms in aftermath of outbreak of Missouri Crisis

-which emerged following admission of Missouri as a state after US's Wars > Luisiana War (1825-8)

-JQA, an old politician, enlisted towards cause

-does pretty well but not well enough

1840: Representative William Leggett/Fmr. Senator Thomas Morris (Equal Rights) - 0 EVs, 5.4%

-in wake of Missouri Compromise Anti-Missouri Party collapses

-most devoted faction continues on as "Equal Rights Party"

-William Leggett makes himself known as principled opponent of slavery in Congress

-his newspaper is extremely influential

-is a hard-money classical radical, but takes his radicalism towards antislavery, equal rights and v. influential at this

-and so gets drafted for president by the party

-he doesn't expect to win but gets fairly respectable performance

-and many deem him responsible for Harrison's defeat

1844: Fmr. Judge William Jay/Fmr. Mayor James G. Birney (Equal Rights) - 0 EVs, 0.8%

-with Daniel Webster having antislavery bona fides and fear of making Webster lose, do less well

1848: Endorsed President Daniel Webster/Vice President James L. Petigru (Union) - 164 EVs, 51.1%

-faced with Daniel Webster having large amount of abolitionist support

-but with him having less antislavery bona fides

-and fear possibility of John C. Calhoun becoming president

-in the end convention endorses Union ticket

-major splinter led by Gerrit Smith but Webster nevertheless cruises to major victory

-however, in the end, this deemed a mistake

1852: Representative John P. Hale/Fmr. Ohio State Senator Leicester King (Equal Rights) - 1 EV, 8.6%

1856: Representative John P. Hale/ (Young America) - 0 EVs, 2.4%

1860: Representative Joshua Giddings/Representative Henry Wilson (Young America) - 5 EVs, 9.3%

1864: Senator Thomas Wilson Dorr/Governor Salmon P. Chase ("Justice"/"Free Soil"/"Northern Unionist"/"Young America") - 95 EVs, 29.8%

1865 contingent election: Thomas Wilson Dorr (94 votes); Salmon P. Chase (77 votes)

1868: Senator Henry Winter Davis/Senator Robert Rantoul Jr. (Justice) - 138 EVs, 46.0%

-formed by two major elements: northern unionists and defecting northern populists

-they also join up with other antislavery groups

-name taken from minor party, due to party registration being harder due to "english ballot" implemented in some states

-coalition initially buckles, but then woodward's attempts to acquire texas, kansas opened up to slavery, slave free transit assured, strengthens union

-many northerners being volunteers on side of buenaventura further worsens tensions

-in 1866 midterms coalition surges in the polls, successfully nominates oppositionist as speaker of house of representatives

-constant fighting with woodward and his doughface agenda results in party increasingly becoming organized

-holds convention in 1868, nominates moderate ticket that wins

-but still results in constitutional crisis, then civil war in defence of republican institutions

-party becomes progressively more radical over course of civil war, supports racial equality

-results in radical reconstruction, which is ultimately successful but long process

-48 years of justicialist dominance over presidency ensue (1868-1916)

-spearheads development of political machines, both in south and north (with migrating black people)

-grows into party of business, trusts etc.

-opposition to it grows and grows in form of agrarian and labour parties

-earlier wave of irish immigrants, their association with anti-tammany clinton, sees tammany remain nativist & restricted to "native-born patriots"

-but not for anti-catholics, when samuel morse becomes mayor of ny tammany is only reluctantly affiliated de facto

-remains "in play" at natl level as clinton dies & both parties appeal to irish immigrants

-but increasingly affiliated to van buren despite not sharing his liberal-minded views on catholics

-supports second quasi war firmly

-named after lenape chief associated with friendship

-as with otl, societies spread from philly across us, which participate in garish native american caricature ceremonies

-unlike otl, most of them aren't killed off due to no war of 1812 (which made native ritualism highly unpopular)

-instead, they live on, spread west

-concerns over secrecy result in many of them transforming into benevolent societies, arms of local republican parties

-luisiana war gives many of them nativist tint

-postwar, rise of clay puts many of them into opposition to clay, divided on which candidate to endorse

-backs pike fully, plays very prominent role as his grassroots

-but none as prominent as new yorks

-falls apart during 1860s, numerous basically wither and die as members join comunero clubs instead

-with civil war, uniformly support richmondites, new york's tammany tries to rebel and gets slap down

-similarily other rump tammanies are centres of rebellion, incl. cincinnati

-dies postwar

-but tammany society in brazil lives on